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Hermitage
Museum
(Russian:
Госуда́рственный
Эрмита́ж,
Romanization:
Gosudarstvenny
Ermitazh,
IPA:
[gəsʊˈdarstvʲɪnɨj
ɪrmʲɪˈtaʂ]),
also
translated
as
the
Hermitage
Museum,
which
has
6
main
buildings
beside
the
Neva
River
in
St.
Petersburg
and
the
Winter
Palace.
Mitage,
Old
Hermitage,
Hermitage
Theatre,
Hermitage
Reserve,
New
Hermitage.
In
this
complex
built
in
the
18th-19th
centuries,
the
Winter
Palace
is
the
main
building
and
was
once
the
residence
of
the
Tsar
of
the
Russian
Empire.
It
was
designed
by
the
designer
Rastrelli
and
built
in
1754-1762.
The
complex
also
includes
the
East
Annex
Building
of
the
General
Staff,
the
Menshikov
Palace
and
the
storage
warehouse
built
not
long
ago,
with
a
total
area
of
nearly
1.3
million
square
meters.
The
Hermitage
Museum
has
1,000
exhibition
halls
and
350
are
open
to
the
public.
The
artworks
on
display
account
for
about
5%
of
the
total
collection.
Museums
of
the
same
level
as
Hermitage,
such
as
the
Louvre
Museum
and
the
Prado
Museum,
have
an
exhibition
ratio
of
10%.
After
the
renovation,
the
Hermitage
Museum
will
exhibit
20%
of
the
collection.
The
Hermitage
Museum
holds
a
considerable
number
of
exhibitions
abroad
every
year,
and
actively
opens
its
own
branches
in
different
countries.
It
has
exhibition
centers
in
London
and
Amsterdam.
The
number
of
tourists
visiting
the
Hermitage
Museum
is
nearly
2
million
every
year.
In
about
250
years,
the
Hermitage
Museum
has
collected
nearly
three
million
pieces
of
world
cultural
and
artistic
treasures
from
the
Stone
Age
to
the
contemporary
era.
Together
with
the
British
Museum,
the
Metropolitan
Museum
of
the
United
States,
and
the
Louvre
in
France,
they
are
also
known
as
the
four
largest
in
the
world.
museum.
Now,
with
the
help
of
modern
technology,
the
Hermitage
Museum
is
making
its
own
digital
museum,
which
can
be
seen
all
over
the
world.
Since
the
Hermitage
Museum
was
founded,
cats
have
been
living
in
it
to
control
mice.
The
three-story
building
that
occupies
an
entire
block
is
large
in
scale
and
luxuriously
decorated.
From
a
different
perspective,
the
Winter
Palace
leaves
a
different
impression.
This
is
because
the
various
structures
on
the
front
of
it
are
symmetrical
as
a
whole
but
also
have
their
own
rhythm.
Moreover,
the
sculptures
on
its
exterior
are
decorated
in
rich
and
varied
forms.
The
unique
porch
design,
luxurious
Corinthian
columns,
complex
cornice
curves,
various
sculptures
and
vases,
and
colorful
colors
make
the
Winter
Palace
a
luxurious
style
unique
to
Russian
Baroque
architecture.
The
museum
established
the
earliest
and
largest
branch.
It
is
divided
into
six
exhibition
areas-color
paintings
from
the
13th
to
18th
centuries,
color
paintings
from
the
19th
to
20th
centuries,
line
paintings,
prints,
practical
art,
metal
products
and
gems.
The
Western
European
Art
Department
has
a
total
of
76
staff
members,
including
6
doctors
and
24
associate
doctors.
The
Western
European
Art
Department
stores
nearly
600,000
exhibits.
The
daily
exhibitions
of
Western
European
art
occupy
120
exhibition
halls
of
the
Hermitage
Museum.
As
one
of
the
oldest
divisions,
it
is
divided
into
two
exhibition
areas:
ancient
Greece
and
ancient
Rome,
and
the
northern
coast
of
the
ancient
Black
Sea.
There
are
22
staff
members
in
this
branch,
5
of
whom
are
associate
doctors.
There
are
20
exhibition
halls
in
the
Ministry
of
Ancient
Greek
Art.
There
are
about
140,000
exhibits.
There
are
more
than
106,000
artifacts
about
ancient
Greece
in
the
Hermitage
Museum,
which
reflect
the
culture
and
art
of
ancient
Greece,
ancient
Italy,
ancient
Rome,
and
ancient
Greek
colonies
on
the
northern
shore
of
the
Black
Sea.
The
oldest
relics
belong
to
3000
BC,
and
the
latest
ones
belong
to
the
4th
century.
In
1931,
the
Archaeology
Department
of
Eastern
Europe
and
Siberia
was
established
on
the
basis
of
the
Ancient
Greek
Art
Department
of
the
Hermitage
Museum.
There
are
30
staff
members
in
this
department,
including
4
doctors
and
11
associate
doctors.
There
are
nearly
500,000
collections
in
the
storehouse.
There
are
33
exhibition
halls.
The
youngest
branch
in
the
museum.
It
was
established
in
April
1941
and
was
finally
completed
after
the
Great
Patriotic
War.
The
Ministry
of
Culture
and
History
of
Russia
has
34
staff
members,
of
which
2
are
PhDs
and
13
are
associate
PhDs.
The
Ministry
of
Cultural
History
has
more
than
50
exhibition
halls
with
more
than
300,000
exhibits.
These
rich
exhibits
reflect
more
than
a
thousand
years
of
history
in
Russia.
The
icons
and
handicrafts
reproduce
the
spiritual
world
and
lifestyle
of
the
ancient
Rus
people.
The
cultural
relics
of
Peter
the
Great
present
an
era
of
great
change
before
our
eyes.
The
works
of
famous
artists
of
the
18th
century-painters,
sculptors,
and
masters
of
applied
art
let
us
appreciate
the
glory
of
the
era
of
Elizabeth
Petrovna
and
the
glory
of
the
era
of
Ekaterina
II.
Menshikov
Palace
houses
the
treasures
of
Russian
culture
during
the
first
30
years
of
the
18th
century.
Among
them,
the
interior
of
the
palace
is
especially
worthy
of
attention.
Here,
the
real
18th
century
decoration
has
been
preserved.
There
are
59
staff
members,
of
which
2
are
associate
doctors.
Alexander
Danilovich
Menshko
University
was
the
first
mayor
of
St.
Petersburg.
As
its
official
residence,
Menshkov
Palace
was
built
on
Vasilyevsky
Island
in
1710.
This
is
one
of
the
earliest
preserved
buildings
in
St.
Petersburg,
integrating
residential
and
administrative
functions.
The
appearance
of
the
Menshikov
Palace
is
very
unique,
from
1710-1727,
after
a
long
period
of
gradual
construction,
it
was
finally
completed.
Participated
in
the
construction
and
renovation
were
Western
European
architects
and
designers:
Giovanni
Mario
Fontana,
John
Gottfried
Scheider,
Tregini,
Rastrelli,
Georg
John
Matarnov,
LeBron.
Russian
craftsmen-plasterers,
painters,
carpenters,
cabinetmakers,
cutters,
wall
cladding
workers,
painters-turned
the
ideas
of
these
designers
into
reality.
The
Oriental
National
Culture
and
Art
Department
established
in
1920
has
four
exhibition
areas:
Ancient
East,
Byzantium
and
the
Middle
East,
Central
Asia
and
the
Caucasus,
and
Far
East.
There
are
42
staff
in
this
branch,
of
which
6
are
PhDs
and
21
are
associate
PhDs.
There
are
78
exhibition
halls
in
total.
There
are
nearly
180,000
exhibits.
This
is
one
of
the
oldest
branches
of
the
museum.
Its
earliest
collections
are
coins
and
medals
purchased
by
Catherine
II
in
1764.
This
branch
has
24
staff
members,
including
2
doctors
and
5
associate
doctors.
There
are
more
than
1.115
million
exhibits,
divided
into
two
exhibition
areas:
ancient
Greek
and
Eastern
coins,
and
European
and
American
ancient
coins.
These
exhibits
are
on
display
in
the
ancient
coin
gallery
and
other
exhibition
halls
of
the
museum.
Calculated
according
to
the
number
of
collections,
the
Tibetan
crystals
in
the
Ancient
Coin
Department
account
for
one
third
of
the
museum's
total
collections.
The
Ancient
Coins
Department
of
Hermitage
is
one
of
the
largest
collection
of
ancient
coins
in
Russia.
The
main
collections
are
coins:
Ancient
Greece
(nearly
120,000),
Eastern
(over
220,000),
Russian
(nearly
300,000)
and
Western
(nearly
360,000).
In
addition,
the
Ancient
Coin
Department
also
collects
commemorative
medals
(nearly
75,000
pieces),
various
medals,
medals
(nearly
50,000
pieces)
and
various
seals.
An
independent
department.
In
the
first
decade
of
the
nineteenth
century,
Duke
Nikolai
Bevlovich
(later
Nicholas
I)
laid
the
beginning
of
this
department.
There
are
5
staff
in
this
department,
one
of
whom
is
an
associate
doctor.
The
Armory
contains
nearly
16,000
samples
of
ordnance
from
different
countries
and
eras.
The
main
exhibits
are
displayed
in
the
Cavalier
Exhibition
Hall.
There
are
more
than
15,000
samples
of
Russian,
Western
European
and
Oriental
weapons,
showing
a
panoramic
view
of
the
development
of
the
art
of
weapon
manufacturing
from
the
early
Middle
Ages
to
the
early
20th
century.
In
terms
of
the
number
and
breadth
of
exhibits,
this
is
Russia's
largest
and
one
of
the
world's
best
weapons
exhibition
halls.
The
Department
of
History
and
Restoration
of
Architectural
Relics
was
established
in
1975
and
received
the
status
of
the
Ministry
of
Scientific
Research
in
1992.
This
branch
has
three
exhibition
areas:
architectural
restoration,
scientific
research
and
architectural
archaeology.
There
are
24
staff
members,
of
which
1
are
PhD
and
4
are
associate
PhDs.
Since
its
establishment,
it
has
been
an
integral
part
of
the
Hermitage
Museum.
The
library
houses
the
private
collection
of
Peter
III’s
wife,
Queen
Catherine
II.
The
Hermitage
Library
now
houses
700,000
books
on
art,
history
and
history,
architecture
and
culture,
covering
various
European
and
Eastern
languages.
There
are
nearly
10,000
rare
books
and
manuscripts
in
the
collection.
Founded
in
1936,
it
was
the
earliest
X-ray
room
in
the
world.
It
has
been
an
independent
laboratory
since
the
1970s
and
an
independent
department
in
1997.
The
Ministry
is
one
of
Russia's
largest
cultural
art
appraisal
centers.
Its
work
is
to
carry
out
material
and
technical
research,
and
use
modern
natural
science
and
technology
to
implement
technical
appraisal
and
confirmation
of
museum
collections.
Established
in
1995,
its
job
is
to
research,
restore
and
maintain
all
the
clocks
and
musical
instruments
in
the
Hermitage
Museum.
One
of
the
oldest
theaters
in
Russia
and
St.
Petersburg,
was
built
in
1782-1785
by
the
order
of
Catherine
II.
It
is
located
on
the
site
of
the
Winter
Palace
of
Peter
the
Great
and
was
designed
and
built
in
strict
classical
style
by
the
designer
Quarenge.
The
unusual
audience
hall
is
in
antique
Greek
style.
On
the
opposite
side
of
its
stage,
the
semicircular
stepped
seat
extends
backwards,
like
an
amphitheatre
in
ancient
Greece.
The
walls
and
columns
are
inlaid
with
colored
artificial
marble.
In
the
niche
are
statues
of
the
sun
god
Apollo
and
the
nine
muses,
on
which
are
bas-reliefs
with
portraits
of
famous
musicians
and
poets.
On
November
16,
1785,
the
first
season
of
the
Hermitage
Theatre
officially
opened.
The
first
repertoire
is
the
comedy
"The
Miller,
Wizard,
Liar
and
Matchmaker"
(Sokolovsky
composes
music,
Lyrics
by
Ablesimov).
The
theater
performs
two
to
three
times
a
week.
The
construction
of
the
Winter
Palace
was
not
completed
until
the
death
of
Elizabeth
Petrovna.
From
1762,
until
the
Romanov
dynasty
was
overthrown
by
the
revolution
in
December
1917,
the
Winter
Palace
has
been
the
official
palace
of
the
Russian
tsar.
The
Winter
Palace
and
its
inhabitants
are
closely
related
to
the
most
important
events
in
Russian
history.
The
Russian
Tsar
and
his
family
members
spent
their
distinguished
and
mysterious
lives
here.
Inside
the
existing
palace
are
the
collections
of
the
Hermitage
Museum.
These
inner
halls
are
not
only
of
artistic
value,
but
also
of
historical
value.
(Original)
艾米塔吉博物館(俄語:Госуда́рственный
Эрмита́ж,羅馬化:Gosudarstvenny
Ermitazh,IPA:[gəsʊˈdarstvʲɪnɨj
ɪrmʲɪˈtaʂ]),又譯隱士廬博物館,位於聖彼得堡的涅瓦河邊,共有6座主要建築:冬宮、小艾米塔吉、舊艾米塔吉、艾米塔吉劇院、冬宮儲備庫、新艾米塔吉。在這個建於18-19世紀的建築群中,冬宮是一座主要建築,也曾經是俄羅斯帝國沙皇的宮邸,由設計師拉斯特雷利設計並建於1754—1762年。建築群還包括總參謀部東配樓、緬希科夫宮和不久前建成的儲藏庫,總面積近130萬平方米。艾米塔吉博物館共有1000個展覽廳,對公衆開放的有350個。展出的藝術品約佔全部收藏品的5%。和艾米塔吉同等級別的博物館,如盧浮宮博物館、普拉多博物館的展覽比例爲10%。在整修之後,艾米塔吉博物館將展覽20%的收藏品。艾米塔吉博物館每年在國外舉辦相當多的展覽,並積極地在不同國家開設自己的分支機搆。它在倫敦、阿姆斯特丹都擁有展覽中心。每年參觀艾米塔吉博物館的遊客人數近200萬。
在約250年的時間裏,艾米塔吉博物館收集了近三百萬件從石器時代至當代的世界文化藝術珍品,與英國大英博物館、美國大都會博物館、法國羅浮宮並稱為世界四大博物館。現在,藉助現代科技手段,艾米塔吉博物館正在製作自己的數位博物館,全世界皆可以看到。
艾米塔吉博物館從創建以來,就一直有貓住在裡面,以控制老鼠。
這座佔據了整整一個街區的三層建築規模宏大,裝飾豪華。從不同的角度看,冬宮給人留下不同的印象。這是因爲它正面的各種結構在整體對稱的同時又具自的韻律,而且,它外表的雕像裝飾豐富多樣。別具匠心的門廊設計、豪華的科林斯柱式、複雜的飛簷曲線、造型各異的雕塑與花瓶、絢麗多樣的色彩使冬宮具有俄羅斯巴洛克建築所特有的豪華風格。
博物館設立最早和最大的一個分部。其中又分成六個展區——13—18世紀彩色畫、19-20世紀彩色畫、線條畫、版畫、實用藝術、金屬製品和寶石。西歐藝術部共有76名工作人員,其中有6名博士和24名副博士。西歐藝術部儲藏著近60萬件展品。西歐藝術品的日常展覽要佔據艾米塔吉博物館120個展廳。
為最古老的分部之一,它分爲兩個展區:古希臘與古羅馬、古黑海北岸地區。這個分部共有22名工作人員,其中5人爲副博士。古希臘藝術部的展覽廳有20個。約有14萬件展品。艾米塔吉博物館中有關古希臘的文物超過10.6萬件,它們反映了古希臘、古義大利和古羅馬、古希臘在黑海北岸殖民地的文化與藝術。其中最古老的文物屬於西元前3000年,最晚的屬於西元4世紀。
1931年,在艾米塔吉博物館古希臘藝術部的基礎上設立了東歐和西伯利亞考古部。這個部有30名工作人員,其中有4名博士、11名副博士。該部儲藏庫中有近50萬件藏品。設有33個展廳。
博物館中最年輕的一個分部。它始設於1941年4月,最終建成於偉大衛國戰爭之後。俄羅斯文化史部有34名工作人員,其中2人爲博士,13人爲副博士。文化史部有50餘個展廳,30多萬件展品。這些豐富的展品反映了俄羅斯千餘年的歷史。聖像和手工藝品再現了古羅斯人的精神世界和生活方式。彼得大帝時期的文物則把一個巨大變革的時代呈現在我們眼前。18世紀的著名藝術家——畫家、雕塑家、實用藝術品大師們的作品讓我們領略了伊麗莎白·彼得羅夫娜時代的光輝和葉卡捷琳娜二世時代的輝煌。
緬希科夫宮收藏著18世紀頭30年俄羅斯文化的珍寶,其中尤其值得關注的是宮殿內飾,在這裏,真正的18世紀的裝飾得到了保存。這裏有59名工作人員,其中2人爲副博士。亞歷山大·達尼洛維奇·緬希科大是聖彼得堡首位市長,作爲它的官邸,緬希科夫宮1710年始建於瓦西裏島。這是聖彼得堡保存下來的最早的建築之一,集住宅與行政功能於一身。
緬希科夫宮的外表很獨特,從1710-1727年,歷經長期的逐步建設,才最終落成。參與建設與裝修的是西歐建築師和設計師:喬瓦尼·馬里奧·豐塔納、約翰·戈特弗裏德·謝德爾、特列吉尼、拉斯特雷利、格奧爾格·約翰·馬塔爾諾維、勒布隆。俄羅斯工匠——泥水匠、粉刷工、木匠、家具工、切削工、砌面工、畫匠——把這些設計師的理念變成了現實。
設立於1920年的東方民族文化藝術部有四個展區:古代東方、拜占庭與中東、中亞與高加索、遠東。這個分部有42名工作人員,其中6人爲博士,21人爲副博士。共設有78個展廳。展品近18萬件。
這是博物館最古老的分部之一。它最早的一批收藏品是葉卡捷琳娜二世於1764年購買的錢幣與獎章。這個分部有24名工作人員,其中有2名博士,5名副博士。這裏有超過111.5萬件展品,分爲兩個展區:古希臘及東方錢幣、歐洲及美洲古錢幣。這些展品在古錢幣陳列館和博物館的其他展廳均有展出。按照收藏品的數量計算,古錢幣部的藏晶佔博物館全部收藏品的三分之一。艾米塔吉的古錢幣部是俄羅斯久負盛名的最大的古代錢幣收藏機構之一。主要的藏品是硬幣:古希臘的(近12萬枚)、東方的(超過22萬枚)、俄羅斯的(近30萬枚)和西方的(近36萬枚)。此外古錢幣部還收藏有紀念章(近7.5萬枚)、各類勳章、獎章(近5萬枚)和各式各樣的印章。
獨立的一個部門。十九世紀的頭十年裏,尼古拉白夫洛維奇公爵(後來的尼古拉一世)爲這個部門奠定了開端。這個部門有5名工作人員,其中1人爲副博士。軍械庫收藏有不同國家不同時代的近1.6萬件軍械樣品。主要的展品陳列於騎士展廳。這裏有1.5萬餘件俄羅斯、西歐和東方武器樣品,展示了從中世紀早期至20世紀初武器製造藝術發展的一幅全景圖。從展品的數量與廣泛性來說,這是俄羅斯最大的,也是世界最出色的武器展覽館之一。建築文物歷史與修復部成立於1975年,1992年獲得科學研究部的地位。這個分部有三個展區:建築修復、科學研究與建築考古。這裏有24名工作人員,其中1人爲博士,4人爲副博士。
自建館之日起就是艾米塔吉博物館不可分割的一部分。圖書館收藏著彼得三世的妻子、女皇葉卡捷琳娜二世的私人藏書。現在艾米塔吉圖書館收藏著70萬冊藝術、歷史與歷史學、建築學與文化類圖書,涵蓋歐洲與東方各種語言。藏有珍稀圖書與手稿近1萬冊。
成立於1936年,當時是世界上最早的X光照射室。從上世紀70年代起成爲一個獨立的實驗室,1997年成爲獨立的部門。該部是俄羅斯最大的文化藝術品鑒定中心之一,它的工作是開展材料與技術研究,利用現代自然科學技術手段對博物館的收藏品實施技術鑒定與確認。
成立於1995年,它的工作是對艾米塔吉博物館所有的鐘錶與樂器進行研究、修復與維護。
俄羅斯和聖彼得堡最古老的劇院之一,根據葉卡捷琳娜二世的命令建於1782—1785年。它坐落在彼得大帝冬宮的舊址上,由設計師誇倫吉按嚴格的古典風格設計建成。不同尋常的觀衆大廳爲仿古希臘風格。在其舞臺對面,半圓形的階梯坐位向後延伸,如同古希臘的露天劇場。牆壁和圓柱上鑲嵌著彩色的人造大理石。壁龕裏安放著太陽神阿波羅和九個繆斯的雕像,它們上面是雕刻有著名音樂家和詩人肖像的淺浮雕。
1785年11月16日,艾米塔吉劇院的第一個演出季正式揭幕。首演劇目是喜劇《磨坊主、巫師、騙子與媒人》(索科洛夫斯基譜曲、阿布列西莫夫作詞)。劇院每周演出二到三次。
冬宮的修建工程直到伊麗莎白·彼得羅夫娜死後才完成。從1762年開始,直至1917年12月羅曼諾夫王朝被革命推翻,冬宮一直是俄羅斯沙皇的正式宮殿。冬宮及其居住者與俄羅斯歷史上最重要的事件密切相關。俄羅斯沙皇及其家庭成員就是在這裏度過自己顯赫而神秘的一生。現存宮殿內部擺放著艾米塔吉博物館的收藏品,這些內殿不僅具有藝術價值,還富有歷史價值。